


A Handy Manual Containing 
Valuable Information for 
Architects and Builders 


_ itsburgh Plate Glass Phas 
. i Milwaukee, Wisc. 


Digitized by the Internet Archive 
in 2022 with funding from 
Columbia University Libraries 


https://archive.org/details/glassglazingOOunse 








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The National Glass 
Distributers Ass’n 


All Rights Reserved 





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relace 


The object of this booklet is to present to the users 

of glass a standard or guide for the architect, owner 
or contractor, by which the material may be better 
known and more readily understood. It is the intention to 
briefly describe herein the more important and different 
kinds of glass for building purposes, with regard to adapta- 
bility for certain definite uses. 


It would be difficult, and perhaps impossible, to ade- 
quately describe or define technical differences to a certainty, 
either by written description or through the medium of 
printed illustrations. These suggestions, therefore, are sub- 
mitted with the hope that a careful reading will enable those 
who are to pass judgment to avoid the common errors which 
have invaded a field where no recognized authority has 
governed, and where abuses have often been permitted to 


appear in the absence of a strict and definite description of 
quality and kind. 


Glass blowing is as old as any other industry and dates 
back to the earliest periods of the world’s history, yet no 
general textbook on the selections of grades, or on the 
standardizing of the material has ever been issued in this 
country. 


It is not the intention here to cover every department of 
structural glass or to go into the exhaustive details of the 
artistic; but to confine the work to the everyday materials 
which are often thought so simple as to need no con- 
sideration. 





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Plate Glass 











LATE glass can be made under the present improved 





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methods in extreme sizes up to 250 square feet and 
in such measurements as 10 feet by 21 feet (or 120’x 
252”) containing 210 square feet—12 feet by 20 feet (or 
144”x240”) containing 240 square feet—13 feet by 19 feet (or 
156”x228”) containing 247 square feet. Such extraordinary 
glass is very difficult to make, quite expensive and dangerous 
SIZES AND, 2 donor Hindle ig tae a 
THICKNESSES ment when broken, requires special flat 
car shipment and special facilities for unloading and hauling, 
and the most expert and skilled glaziers in setting. Sizes are 
usually given in inches. 

It is advisable to confine sizes to the ordinary limitations 
in order to secure prompt and economical deliveries from 
distributors’ stocks. 

On account of the extraordinary demand for certain sizes 
of plate glass for stock sizes in mirrors, windshields for auto- 
mobiles, and stock door glazing, the proportionate production 
is below the consumption and a higher value is therefore 
placed upon these sizes, and their multiples. 


Polished plate glass is manufactured in 
thicknesses ranging from ¥” to 144”; THE 
STANDARD PRODUCT RUNS FROM 14" to 5/16” FULL. 
The other thicknesses (whether thicker or thinner) are made 
specially, and at an increased cost. 

THE SASH OR RABBET FOR REGULAR PLATE 
GLASS GLAZING SHOULD BE MADE TO ACCOM- 
MODATE GLASS FULL 5/16 OF AN INCH THICK. 


THICK PLATE 3// WAL 5/A! 3,7 Vall 1” 114,” 174% 

Glass thicker than the standard product is used for 
counter tops, deal plates, port and deck lights on ships, 
aquariums, etc. 


14” to 5/16” 


One-eighth inch to three-sixteenth 
THIN PLATE 1473/:6” inch glass is used largely for 
residence windows and by car builders and for boat sash, 
automobile windshields; and for other special purposes where 
perfect surfaces, high polish, and absolute clear vision is 
wanted, with minimum weight. 


Notwithstanding the tremendous investment re- 
COST quired, the comprehensive machinery and materials 
used in manufacturing, the cost has been scientifically reduced 
so that plate glass is no longer considered a luxury and 
is every day increasing in popularity for general glaz- 





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PLATE GLASS (Continued) 


ing of high-class buildings, store-fronts, show-cases, for 
table and desk covering, dresser tops, chiffoniers, buffets, 
tabourets, shelves, etc. The use of plate glass adds an 
elegance and finish wherever it is seen. The cost of glazing 
buildings with plate glass is not prohibitive, and architects 
and builders will do well to make an intelligent comparison 
of figures and consider the enhanced value, beauty and dur- 
ability, accurate vision obtained in the use of plate glass. 


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Clear vision afforded by the Distorted vision through the 
use of Plate Glass. ordinary window-glass. 
Polished plate glass should never be 
allowed to remain in packing cases longer CAUTION 
than necessary, as dampness may stain the surface. Whether 
boxed or open, glass should be kept on edge. 


Plate glass in regular glazing thickness 
(%”" to 5/16” thick) weighs 344 pounds per WEIGHT 
square foot bare and may be computed at approximately five 
pounds per square foot boxed for shipment. A rule for figur- 
ing shipping weight of plate glass is found in the official 
prict-list as follows: 


Extend the glass at 3144 pounds per square foot. Weight 
of box equals the contents of a plate of greatest width and 
length of those packed therein, multiplied by 10. Thus: 


1 plate, 36”x96” ) 
1 plate, 60”x84” | 
Size of box 60”x96”—40' x10 —400 _ _ pounds. 


60614 pounds. 
See page 45 for table of net and gross weights of different thicknesses. 


—59’x314 —206%4 pounds. 


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PLATE GLASS (Continued) 


Among the many who use glass there are so few who 
are familiar with its ingredients and its methods of produc- 
tion that we deem it fitting to describe some of the details 
of manufacturing the two principal products, and believe that 
a more familiar knowledge of plate and window glass will 
be both interesting and instructive. 

The raw materials may be said to be virtually the same 
in plate glass as in window glass—the main difference in the 
finished products being due to the great care exercised in 
selecting and purifying the ingredients, and the elaborate 
method of casting, grinding and polishing plate glass as com- 
pared to the simple and rapid process of producing window 
glass from blown cylinders. 

While both require skill and painstaking care on the part 
of the operator, the one will never equal the other in appear- 
ance or efficiency while the methods of production are so 
widely different. 

“Plate glass was first made in France in 1688 and the 
term “French Plate Glass” or “French Mirrors” has its 
origin from the development of the plate glass industry in 
France. The first cast plate made in the United States was 
produced in 1860 and perfected a few years later so that it 
may be noted that this is a modern product compared to 
window glass which was made during the early settlement 
of this country, at Jamestown, Va., about 1608. The making 
of ordinary glass has been included in the industries of almost 
every country in the world and dates back to ancient Egypt, 
centuries ago. 


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The _ principal 
INGREDIENTS ingredients are 
silica (white-sand) soda (soda-ash) 
and lime (lime-stone). Also arsenic, 
charcoal and cullet (broken glass). 
As stated before, the method of Las 
producing plate glass widely CS” 
differs from window glass Sh Sell 
and it is little known that the \ 
melting, casting, rolling, an- x 
nealing, grinding and polishing 
of plate involves the mining of 
silica and coal, the quarrying 
of limestone, the chemical manufac- 
ture of soda-ash on a large scale, the 
reduction and treatment of fire-clay 
and an elaborate system of pot-making 
for crucibles, all of which requires an 





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PLATE GLASS (Continued) 


enormous financial investment, a multitude of men, and ex- 
tensive factory properties. 

It should be stated that the product of the American 
factories is, by comparison, equal in every way to the 
European plate glass in clearness, freedom from flaws and 
defects, homogeneousness and finish. 





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thicknesses, or superfine quality 


for mirrors or other uses where AND THICKNESS 


special glass is needed, requires special processes and entails 
additional expense in producing—and the making of beveled 
plates and mirrors necessitates two more elaborate lines of 
work and machinery and a corps of experts and skilled work- 
men. 


Pots of fire clay are such a heavy ex- 
pense in plate glass manufacture and take POT MAKING 
so important a part in the successful making of plate glass 
that the subject deserves special notice. The different clays 
after being mined are exposed to the weather for some time 
to bring about disintegration. 

At the proper stage finely sifted raw clay is mixed with 
coarse, burned clay and water. This reduces liability of 
shrinkage and cracking. It is then “pugged,” or kneaded in 
a mill; kept a long time (sometimes a year) in storage bins 
to ripen; and afterwards goes through the laborous process 
of “treading.” No machinery has thus far been invented by 
which the plasticity can be developed as does this primitive 
treading by the bare feet of men. The clay must be treaded 
many times. The building of the pots is a slow, tedious and 
time-killing affair; but this is essential. 

Without extreme care, some elements used in the mak- 
ing of the pots might be fused into glass while undergoing 
the intense heat of the furnace; or they might break in the 
handling, and much depends upon the strength of the pots. 


The average pot must hold about a ton of molten glass, 
and the average furnace heat necessary is about 3000 degrees 
Fahrenheit. 

After completion comes the proper drying out of the 
pots; and this is another feature in which the greatest 
scientific care is required. No pot may be used until it has 
been left to season for at least three months, and even a 
year is desirable. And 
after all this, the pot has 
but twenty-five days of 
usefulness. 


Seven 





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PLATE GLASS (Continued) 


The pot, having been first brought 
MELTING AND (to the necessary high temperature, is 
CASTING filled heaping full with its mixed 
“batch” of ground silica, soda, lime, cullet, etc. Melting 
reduces the bulk so much that the pot is filled three times 
before it contains a sufficient charge of metal. 

When the proper molten stage is reached the pot is 
lifted out of the furnace by a crane; is first carefully skimmed 
to remove surface impurities, and then carried overhead by 
an electric tramway to the casting table. This is a large, 
massive, flat table of iron, having as an attachment, a heavy 
iron roller, which covers the full width, and arranged so as 
to roll the entire length of the table. The sides of the table are 
fitted with adjustable strips which gauge the production of 
plates of different 
thickness. The 
pasty, or half- 
fluid glass metal 
is now poured 
upon the table 
from the pot, and 
the roller quickly 
passes over it, 
leaving a layer of 
uniform thick- 
ness. The heavy 
roller is now 
moved out of the 
way, and then by 
means of a stowing tool the red hot plate is shoved into an 
annealing oven or lehr. The plates remain for some time in 
the lehrs, where the temperature is gradually reduced. 

When the plate is taken from the annealing ovens it has 
a rough, opaque, almost undulating appearance on the sur- 
faces. Only the surface, however, for within it is clear as 
crystal. First, it is submitted for careful inspection, and then 
goes to the cutter who takes off the rough edges and squares 
it into the right dimensions; and thence to the grinding room. 





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The grinding table is a large flat 
GRINDING AND revolving platform made of iron, 
POLISHING twenty-five feet 
or more in diameter. This table is 
prepared by being flooded with plaster 
of paris and water; then the glass is 
carefully lowered, and men mount 
upon the plate and tramp it into place 





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PLATE GLASS (Continued) 


until it is set. After this, greater security is obtained by peg- 
ging with prepared wooden blocks; and the table is set in 
motion. The grinding is done by revolving runners. Sharp 
sand is fed upon the table, and a stream of water constantly 
flows over it. After the first cutting by the sand, emery is 
used in a similar manner. The plates are inspected after 
leaving the grinding room, and if scratches or defects are 
found they are marked. 

There are also, not infrequently, nicks and fractures 
found at this stage; and in such case the plate must again 
be cut and squared, or if the defects are too great, the plate 





is broken up for cullet. The polishing is done on another 
special table by means of special reciprocating machinery, 
using rouge, (iron peroxide), applied with water, and rubbing 
the glass with blocks of felt so arranged that every part of 
the plate is brought underneath the rubbing surface. The 
grinding and polishing has reduced the original plate half of 
its thickness, sometimes more. The material washed away 
is lost and fully half the original weight of lime and soda 
has vanished, and even at the completion, the inspectors very 
carefully scrutinize the glass for excessive defects and reject 
that which is not up to quality. 

New plate is sea-green, looking at GRADING AND 
the “metal” through the edge, which 
gradually fades when exposed for a QUALITY 
period to sunlight and weather, to a yellow or light brown 
color due to the action of the elements upon the chemical 
constituents of the glass. 

In the finished product (glazing quality) there may ap- 
pear some defects, which in no way impair the value, beauty, 
or durability of the glass for ordinary use—such as small 
seeds or bubbles, short-finish, reams or surface scratches, 





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PLATE GLASS (Continued) 


which are accepted as contingent with the regular run of 
plate, and even an open bubble or shot-hole (not clear 
through both surfaces) is passed in standard glazing quality, 
providing the plate is comparatively free from other defects 
and of good color and finish. 


SPECIAL When glass of particular quality is desired, 

a special selection is necessary. This requires 
QUALITY an expert in the grading and selection of the 
material, sometimes necessitates cutting down larger sizes 
to minimize the amount of defects inherent with the regular 
production, and adds a proportionate extra cost to special 


quality plate. 

The beveling of plate glass is of such 
BEVELING interest and exemplifies such skill on the 
part of the workmen that a description of the process should 
be added to the information already written in the preceding 
chapter on plate glass. 

The glass to be beveled is subjected to treatment in 
different departments of the beveling plant, each division 
working out its particular process in taking off the bevel and 
restoring the surface of the glass to its original polish. 

Five divisions of skilled workmen are necessary; namely: 
roughers, emeriers, smoothers, white-wheelers and buffers 
(polishers) using different abrasive or polishing materials, 
such as sand or carborundum, emery, sand stone, pumice and 
rouge. 

The roughing-mill or wheel is a circular cast-iron disc 
having a fine cut corrugated surface about 30” in diameter, 
revolving rapidly upon its bearings as a horizontal plane. Sand 
or carborundum is conveyed to the mill from above through 
a hopper with a stream of water, so that the sand gives the 
desired roughness between the iron and the glass while the 
water minimizes the friction and heat. 


(1) The edge of the plate is brought into 
ROUGHING contact with the swiftly moving roughing 


wheel, and the sand cuts the bevel to the desired depth. 
Curved and pattern plates with incurves, 
mitres, etc., require an expert practiced 
eye and great skill on the part of the 


operator. 

(2) In the first rough- 
EMERYING ing process the beveled 
surface has been cut so déep by the 
coarse sand that it is necessary to 
follow with a finer abrasive in another 
mill to bring the bevel to a smoother 
finish, and emery or finer carborundum is 
used. 


SMOOTHING (3) Then the rough 


grinding is still fur- 
ther smoothed in the stone mill, or 












































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PLATE GLASS (Continued) 


smoother, which is constructed upon the plan of the iron 
roughing wheel, using a circular revolving sandstone of fine 
texture with water flowing upon it to reduce friction. 





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(4) The first polishing process is upon a 
wood wheel in an upright position which POLISHING 
brings the bevel to a dull, milky polish by the use of pow- 
dered pumice in solution automatically splashed upon the 
wheel by a paddle. 


(5) The final high-gloss polish is put upon 


the beveled surface by the application of FINISHING 


rouge upon the upright polishing wheel which is covered with 
a layer of thick felt. 


REGULAR 
BEVEL 114” 


The standard 
width of bevel is 
1a Th Caer | 
beveled plate 
glass or beveled 
plate mirrors are 
furnished with 
114” bevel unless 
otherwise speci- 
fied. 

Slight scratches 
may be removed 
from the surface of plate glass by rubbing with pure thick 
felt mounted upon a hand-block, and using fine red or 
black rouge (moistened) as an abrasive. This must be skill- 
fully done to avoid over-polishing or “burning” the delicate 
annealed surface of the plate. 


The value of plate glass for GRINDING AND 
furniture tops, desks and tables, POLISHING EDGES 


show-cases, shelves and numer- 
ous other purposes has become generally recognized. The 
covering of glass with treated edges 
offers a clean, sanitary surface and an 
elegant appearance and also beautifies, 
protects and preserves the furniture. 
The process of grinding and polishing 
the edges, or rounding of corners, curves 
or pattern lines, is similar to the bevel- 
ing, except that the work is done on the te & 
edge of the plate instead of the surface. Pag Be? e 
The edge of the glass is rough 
ground according to specifications, either 
rounded or squared or chamfered as de- a it 
sired, and finished through the polishing g ie 
process—described in the previous 
chapter. 











Eleven 


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PLATE GLASS (Continued) 


For decorative effects on 


WHEEL-CUT d : : 
oor-plates, side-lights, 
MITRED WORK transoms, partition-glass, 


etc., the rich effect of mitred design gives a 
tone of elegance, and emphasizes the beauty of 
the glass. 

The lines are cut V shape into the surface 
of the glass by a vertical wheel with sharp 
edges, and the smoothing and polishing is 
accomplished by the same general process as 
on the beveled edge. This is indentical in 
appearance and presents the richness and 
beauty of the finest cut tableware. 

Mitred designs on plate glass mirrors or 
on rolled figured glass produce an elegant 
effect where special and elaborate decoration 
is wanted. 





Mirrors 


HE silvered surface of a mirror magnifies and accentu- 
ates the qualities of the glass to a great degree; hence 
it is necessary to use the finest grade of plate to 
secure good mirrors. This selection of quality neces- 

sarily entails the most scrupulous care in making and 

selecting glass for mirror purposes. 

Every consideration must be given to both surface and 
general character, as the ordinary defects which would 
otherwise be unnoticed are sharply brought out by the cover- 
ing of silver. 


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The formula of the silver solution for 
SILVERING making mirrors varies but slightly with the 
different makers. The secret of success is in the process, 
and manner of treatment. Cleanli- 
ness is absolutely necessary. Chem- 
ically pure ingredients, distilled 
water and expert care with the 
proper facilities will produce mir- 
rors that will stand for years with- 
out deterioration, whether by the 
cold or hot method. 
After a thorough cleansing of 
the glass, removing all foreign 














substances from the surface, the 
“solution” is poured over the plate 
and by chemical precipitation a 
coat of pure silver is deposited. 





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MIRRORS (Continued) 


This is permitted to dry and a preservative coating of shellac, 
with a coat of mirror-back paint completes the process. This 
is know as a patent-back mirror and is the standard highest 
grade. 

A method of making mirrors by mercury process was 
tested for years but found unsatisfactory from a commercial 
standpoint, and has become obsolete. 


Meee aren ante SIZES AND 
y by the sizes in 

which it is possible to make plate glass, THICKNESS 

and thin or heavy glass may be used as desired. 

It must be remembered that extreme sizes in strictly 
clear plate of mirror quality are difficult to obtain and 
necessarily carry some ordinary techinal defects, which 
cannot be entirely eliminated. The larger the glass the more 
likely these defects will appear. 


The common sheet-mirror or looking-glass 
used principally for the reflection of light rather SHOCKS 
than for the detailed image, is known to the trade as a “Shock- 
Mirror,” and is made from ordinary cylinder glass (window 
glass) and is very inferior in quality. 


Mirrors are susceptible to the PROPER 
effects of extreme cold or heat and INSTALLATION 
moisture, and should be mounted 
with proper protection against dampness. Care should be 
taken to avoid damp walls, or plaster which has not properly 
dried out, before installing mirrors. 

In glazing French doors with mirrors, or on Colonial 
work where small mullion glazing is specified, it is essential 
to have the panels absolutely upon a uniform line and rabbets 
of accurate depth as the mirrors will otherwise reflect at 
different angles and distorted vision result. 

A perfect effect may be obtained by using a back ground 
in large size mirror, and a false-mullion over all. 


Old mirrors which have become RESILVERING 
stained, spotted or peeled, may be re- 
silvered by carefully removing all traces OLD MIRRORS 
of the original backing and treating the glass as in the 
original silvering process. This is done at owner’s risk of 
breakage and restores only the silvering, while any defects 
or scratches in the glass will remain. 


Thirteen 


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Window Glass 


E quality of window glass or sheet glass, also termed 
“blown” or “cylinder glass,” has been improved by the 
modern methods of production, and much has been 
expended in the effort to make perfect blown cylinder 
material. Yet there are still some waves and general defects 
accepted in all window glass, due to the process of making, 
which differs entirely from cast and polished plate. 

The glass is blown in cylinder form and flattened by 
reheating, which gives it a slight bend or bow, a possible 
variation in thickness in the larger sizes, and surface flaws. 

The selection of the various grades is a matter of ex- 
pert judgment. The large sheets produced, in single or double 
thickness and heavier, are cut to stock sizes according to the 
merits of the glass and graded in “AA”, “A” or “B” quality. 
The defects being eliminated to the greatest possible extent. 

The ingredients, 
as we have said, 





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are practically the 






same in window 
glass as in plate— 
it is wholly a 
matter of refine- 
ment and process 
which produces 
the different kinds 
of material. 
Window glass— 


is made by two 


Blowing Cylinders by the human process— methods — by 
producing “Hand-Made” Window Glass. 





















“machine” or by 

“hand.” The difference is in the blowing process—both 
producing the cylinder from which all window glass is 
evolved. The same general treatment of the cylinder, to 
produce flat sheet glass follows in both machine or human 
blown material, and both produce equally standard quality. 
To make the cylinder the molten glass or “metal” is 
brought to proper consistency by extreme heat, and the glass 
in the human blown process is “gathered” upon the end of a 
tube (cr blow-pipe) from the furnace and blown into a huge 
cylinder by repeated heatings and blowings, until the material 
is all evenly distributed. From a globular mass about the size 
of a man’s head, the blower swings the pipe into an alley or 
opening in the floor, blowing as he swings until the full sized 
cylinder is formed. This requires skill of the highest degree 
—the blower, by regulating the amount of material entering 


















Fourteen 


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WINDOW GLASS (Continued) 


the cylinder, makes single strength or double strength or 
heavier glass as desired. 





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The blowing machine accomplishes the same result by 
purely mechanical process—the intricate working of the 
mechanism, the supply of molten glass, the air pressure, 
rapidity of action, making single or double thickness, being 
controlled by a single operator who appears to have super- 
natural powers, surely never dreamed of throughout the great 
stretch of years when the glass-blower was master of the 
art and accredited with inimitable skill. 






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The cylinder is decapitated at both ends by an ingenious 
method of spinning a string of hot glass at the proper place, 
or by the use of a wire wrapped around the glass and elec- 
trically heated which causes the cap and crown to break off 
clean. The cylinder is then split lengthwise—placed in the 
flattening oven 
on a large circu- 
lar stone, and as 
the heat is in- 
creased and as 
the glass begins 
to wilt it is quick- 
ly smoothed out 
to the shape of 
the flat stone, up- 
on which it rests. 



















Cylinder glass 
cannot be _per- 
fectly flattened, 
and the waviness 
and bow or slight 


curve will always 


s : Machine Blowing Factory—producing Window 
occur in this Glass Cylinders by Machinery. 











product. 
In glazing—-the bend or bow should be glazed outward in 
the sash—the bulge towards the exterior. 







Window glass in double strength, or heavier is 
made as large as 30”x90” or 38”x86” or 48’’x80” and SIZES 
such extreme sizes containing twenty-five square feet, but itis 
inadvisable to use such glass in these measurements on 
account of the liability of breakage and the distorted vision 
due to waves, etc. 

The same may be said of the extreme sizes of single 


strength which can be made up to 24”x60” or 30”x54” or 
36”x50” in sizes containing ten to twelve and one-half sq. ft. 











Fifteen 


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| 





WINDOW GLASS (Continued) 


The current “Jobbers Window Glass List” 
PRICE LIST gives full information regarding bracket 
sizes, list prices of all qualities and sizes in both single and 
double strength, in factory box lot, or by the light, and 
designates the number of lights per box in each size. 


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CRYSTAL SHEET A heavy blown glass, made by 

the same process as ordinary win- 
GLASS dow glass and subject to the same 
inherent defects. Graded in “AA”, “A” or “B” quality and 
made in various thicknesses: 26 ounce, 29 ounce, 34 ounce 
and 39 ounce (3/16” thick). 

In examining samples of small size for inspection of 
quality, it should be remembered that the large light of glass 
will show the natural waves and defects, while the small 
piece may appear nearly perfect. 

It is not altogether a matter of expert judgment to deter- 
mine the various grades and certain rules may be accepted 
governing window glass specifications. 


THICKNESS AND Single strength measures — ap- 

proximately twelve lights to the 
WEIGHT inch, but a small variation either 
way is permissable. Single strength weighs approximately 
16 ounces to the square foot. Double strength measures 
approximately nine lights to the inch. The thickness should 
be fairly uniform and the weight approximately twenty-four 
ounces to the square foot. 


FACTORY  £Window glass is packed in regular sizes 
PACKAGES approximately 50 square feet to the box up 

to the 100 united inch bracket (adding width 
and length), and 100 square feet to the box in sizes over 100 
united inches. 


SHIPPING Single strength in factory packages weighs 
WEIGHTS from 65 to 75 pounds to the box (shipping 
weight). Double strength in factory packages 
weighs from 85 to 110 pounds to the box, 50 feet boxes, 
(shipping weight.) 
Double strength in 100 feet cases weighs approximately 
225 pounds (shipping weight). 


“AA” OR FIRST “AA” quality should be clear glass, 

free from any perceptible amount of 
QUALITY air bubbles or blisters, burnt specks 
or burns, cords and strings. It should have a good gloss and 
an even surface and be well flattened. By air bubbles it is 


Sixteen 


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Ce National Class: Distributery, Qsyock 












WINDOW GLASS (Continued) 


understood that tiny blisters, or imperfections not percep- 
tible on the cutters’ table, but detectable when placing the 
sheet directly towards the light, would not be objectionable. 
This should be a careful selection in both single and double 
and should represent the very best that can be produced in 
window glass by the present methods. 


“A” glass is the normal selection “A” OR SECOND 
of glass when no special selection is 
desired or specified and it admits of ee 
such defects as small strings or lines, small blisters when 
not too close to one another or located in the center of the 
sheet. Well flattened, the surface even, and devoid of notice- 
able scratches, cropper marks, burns and other prominent 
defects. 


“B” glass covers a wider range than “RB” OR THIRD 
either “AA” quality or “A” quality. It 
permits many of the defects inherent QUALITY 
to the process of making such as waves, strings, lines, 
blisters, scratches, burns and other similar or equivalent 
defects. This quality embraces everything below “A” quality, 
not stony or full of blisters or other large defects objection- 
able for any common purpose, such as heavy scratches, heavy 
blisters, cords and sulphur stains. 


26 OZ. CRYSTAL SHEET 


A cylinder or blown glass heavier than the ordinary 
Double Strength, and graded by the same rules as window 
glass in first, second or third quality, measuring approxi- 
mately 1%” in thickness (technically !*°/i090 of an inch.) 


29 OZ. CRYSTAL SHEET 


A heavier blown cylinder glass, graded as above, (techni- 
cally 155/i999 of an inch in thickness.) 


34 OZ. CRYSTAL SHEET 


A heavier blown cylinder glass, graded as above, (techni- 
cally '"/;999 of an inch in thickness.) 


3/16” OR 39 OZ. CRYSTAL SHEET 


A heavier blown cylinder glass, graded as above, measur- 
ing 3/16” in thickness. 


Seventeen 








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Bent Glass 


ENT Glass is artistic and attractive, and 
lends tone to the structure or building. 

Glass Bending requires special fur- 
naces, constructed similar to those used 
for annealing purposes, in Plate and Window 
Glass factories. 

The bending is done by placing a flat sheet 
of manufactured glass in a mould, made to fit 
the shape or radius wanted, and subjecting it 
to a temperature sufficient to allow the glass 
to soften and fall to the shape of the mould. 
It is then annealed, by careful process, the 
same as in the manufacture of Plate and 
Window Glass. 

The most popular sizes of Polished Plate 
Glass, used in Bent store-fronts, are 5614x96, 
up to 120” or longer, Bent to % Circle, on 
363g” radius. Fre- 
quently there are 
calls for larger sizes, 
which can be bent as 
large as 140 wide x 
120 high—to Quarter 
Circle, or part of 
width or bend made 
to a regular radius 
and balance straight. 
All kinds of glass 
can be bent, such as 
Polished Plate, Win- 
dow Glass, Rough, 
and Ribbed, Plain 
and 14” Wire Glass. 
Also Opalite, Vitro- 
lite and Carrara 
Glass, in all Thick- 
nesses for Wains- 
coating and curved 
Floor Cases. 

The shapes are 
shown in accompany- 
ing drawings. 


See opposite 
page for 
explanation. 





Eighteen 


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BENT GLASS (Continued) 


A—Curves are those which are EXPLANATION 


bent to a given radius one way of 
the pane only, which applies to the OF CURVES AND 
DIAGRAMS 


whole length or width of the pane, 
and not to one part only. The depth of bend not to exceed 
one-eighth of the length of the bent side of pane. Example, 
length of the bent side of pane, 96”, depth of bend not above 
ae 

B—Curves are those which are bent more than one- 
eighth, but not to exceed the quarter of a circle, or about 1 
in 514. Example, pane 77”, bend 14”. 

C—For the same curve as B, but a part flat, the flat 
part not to exceed one-third. Example, pane 72”, bend 48”, 
flat 24”. 

D—For flat curves, with one part flat, the depth of the 
bent part not to exceed 1 in 12, and the flat part one-half. 
Example, pane 72”, bend 36”, depth 3”, flat 36”. 

E—For curves, the bent part not less than a 6” radius, 
and not to exceed the quarter of a circle, with flat part, the 
flat part to exceed one-third but not to exceed two-thirds. 
Example, pane 72”, bend 24”, flat 48”. 

F—Curves are those which are bent beyond the quarter 
of the circle, but not to exceed 1 in 4. Example, pane 84”, 
depth 21”. 

G—For OG curves, depth not to exceed 1 in 16. Ex- 
ample, pane 64”, depth 4”. 

H—For angular curves, viz:—Flat parts on each side, 
the centers not to exceed a quarter of a circle, the end flat 
parts one-fourth of the sides bent. Example, pane 80”, bend 
60”, flat 10”, each side, or about 5 one side and 15 on the 
other. 

J—For angle curves (radius not less than 6”) the center 
not to exceed the quarter circle, and the flat to exceed one- 
fourth, but not to exceed three-fourths. Example, pane 72”, 
bend 18”, flat 27” each side or about 14” on one side and 40” 
on the other. 

K—Curves are those which are bent beyond 1 in 4 but 
not to exceed the half circle (diameter not less than 12”). 
Example, pane 75”, depth about 24”. 

L—Curves not to exceed the quarter of a circle at each 
side (depth of bend not less than 6”), the bent part not less 
than one-third, and the flat not more than two-thirds. Ex- 
ample, pane 72”, bend 12” each side, center flat 48”. 

Specify width (measurement around curve) first, and 
then the height. Preferably submit pattern or template of 
sweep in all cases. 





Nineteen 





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Glazing 


HILE there is no uniformity in specifications govern- 
ing the method of glazing different styles of glass, it 
=—— is nevertheless advisable to call attention to some 





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features which have been developed through the 
experience of the glass houses in this business. 











APPEAL TO It is especially desirable that all glass 
to be specified for a building be placed 

ARCHITECTS under one heading in the architect’s 

specifications under the heading—“Glass and Glazing.” 

Accuracy is a necessity. Use a standard rule, true to 
gauge; specify the size plainly. For instance, 56 inches might 
be confused if written 5’6”, and cut 66 inches—as 5 feet 6 
inches. Always specify. width first. In measuring, it is 
advisable to allow a little play and measure inside the rabbet. 
See that rabbet is made to accommodate glass of the thick- 
ness ordered; i. e., order glass of proper thickness to fit 
rabbet. Measure the opening and see if all sides are squared, 
especially if metal work is to be glazed, it is essential to have 
perfect fit, and in large sizes it is not uncommon to find a 
warped frame, or not exactly square, slightly different at one 
side as compared with the other. 

Be specific—it is better to give an abundance of informa- 
tion rather than leave anything indefinite, or to be taken for 
granted. Mistakes will follow carelessness, and corrections 
involve loss of time and expense. 

Plate glass should rest on two pads of felt, leather, lead, 
oakum or soft wood blocks, one near each end, not against 
bare metal, or at a single bearing-point which might cause 
breakage through settling of building, vibration, etc. The 
soft wood blocks or lead strips are to be preferred. 

Do not fasten or bind glazing-mouldings too tight, as 
it is necessary to allow for expansion and contraction, vibra- 
tion and readjustment of construction. 

Use pure putty. Have sash-rabbet well oiled or painted 
so that putty will adhere. Give fresh putty glazing time to 
set before handling or hanging sash. Don’t try to back- 
putty glass with corrugated or figured surface, as the putty 
cannot be removed from the ridges in the glass. 


Steel sash glazing requires special putty for metal 
rabbets. 


CAUTION When glass of any kind has been delivered 

to a building packed in cases or with paper 
between the sheets, it is advisable to store the glass under 
cover in a dry place and unpack it to avoid stains which come 
from drying out of damp hay, straw, paper, or other pack- 
ing materials. 





Twenty 


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GLAZING (Continued) 


Glaze prism-glass with ribs inside—flat surface outside. 
Regular glazing is done with uncolored putty. If colored 
putty is desired it should be specified accordingly. Glass is 
not bedded-in-putty or back-puttied unless specially ordered 
or specified. 

Window glass is regularly glazed with the natural bow 
or bend outside. 


Metal Store Front Construction 


= =—HE setting of plate glass in store fronts has been the 
subject of a great deal of consideration on the part 
of architects and builders. The desire to eliminate 
massive bars, heavy sills and obstructing frame-work 
has brought into the market many kinds of devices for build- 
ing show-cases and store windows which present the maxi- 
mum display of merchandise to the public, and at the same 
time insure safety and rigidity of construction. 


See erie COs NT EATS TORE: FRONT 
bars, division bars and sills 
CONSTRUCTION 


and the all-glass show-case 


is 
marked by the absence of bulky posts or ponderous frames. 
There are several standard makes of metal store-front 
construction, corner-bars, dividing bars, metal sill, etc., which 
fasten or secure, the glass with a metal locking or clamping 
member and provide for drainage, ventilation and illumination 
if desired, which may be obtained from the various members 
of the National Glass Distributers’ Association. 





Twenty-one 


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METAL STORE FRONT CONSTRUCTION 
(Continued) 


We do not enter the brands of the several standard makes 
or recommend any special style of store-front construction, 
but it is well to make comparisons, giving attention to the 
necessity of substantial strength in the retaining members, and 
using metal bars and construction of sufficient weight to 
insure strength and rigidity. 

It is advisable to send working drawings or detailed plans 
of store fronts—and the utmost care should be exercised in 
furnishing accurate dimensions when ordering, so that a true 
fit of metal may be assured, and proper allowance made for 
bearing contact or play of glass. 

The architect should make definite specifications as to 
the material desired, giving names or numbers of bars, sill 
covering, jamb bars, jamb covering, transom bars, transom 
covering, style of metal finish, etc. 


All-Glass Patent Fronts 


ALL GLASS CLAMP Tri we i et 
STORE FRONTS w 


no special recommendation to 
those who have examined it, and the unobstructed view of 
the display as well as the continuous glass effect has made 
it a popular and attractive model for retail stores through- 
out the United States. 


Twenty-two 








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separated for special treatment in 
detail. Under the head of Leaded 
Glass there are multitudes of sug- 
gestions for every artistic emotion, 
and this is a subject for the expert 
and depends upon individual taste. 
That which is considered beautiful 
and harmonious in line and tone 
expressing the ideal of refinement 
to some, may be rated without merit 
or attractiveness by others, so we 
leave the technical artistic side of 
this branch of the industry and give 
a few suggestions and practical 
points of information. 

Leaded Glass—without color, should be specified “Clear 
Leaded” or “Obscure Leaded.” If some particular design is 
selected from catalogue, give name and catalogue number and 
the number designating the design. 

If special designs are wanted for some particular work, 
give description of general architectural lines, decorative 
scheme, etc. 

All leaded work is made especially to order to sizes 
desired, therefore place the order giving ample time to the 
manufacturer to produce the windows without undue haste. 

For odd shapes or odd sizes send patterns. 

Give the fullest possible description with rough sketch 
showing grouping of window openings or any information 
that will assist the artist in detailing the designs. 


or a transom or landscape 
window, 40”x18” 


40 


Specify width first— 
for instance:— 
an upright window, 
18”x40” 





Odd or fractional parts of inches are charged as even 
inches of next higher size—for example 2644”x2714” is figured 
as 28”x28”. 

Circles or odd shapes are charged at the full square out- 
side measurement. 

To obtain rigid construction specify metal-set work, 
especially for doors, pivot swinging sash, etc. 

On account of the weight, beveled plate, heavy orna- 
mental glass, and thick material such as prism is usually 
specified set in metal—either plain zinc or copper plated. 

All leaded glass of sufficient size is reinforced with steel 
strengthening bars. 

Glaze leaded glass or metal set glass with steel stiffening 
bars inside. 


Twenty-three 





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Wire Glass 





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proof construction has increased the demand for wire 
glass until the production of the material amounts to 
== millions of square feet annually. Not only does this 
glass minimize the fire-hazard, but its resisting and sustaining 
strength, its unyielding qualities even when cracked make it 
the logical glass for skylights, elevator shafts, stair-wells, 
etc., where these features are a consideration. 


——— use of metal frames, metal window sash and fire- 

















Wire glass is made by three methods: 
METHODS OF 1. (Shuman process) by _ rolling 
MAKING a sheet of glass laying the wire 
mesh upon it while the glass is still plastic, pressing the 
wire-netting into the glass, and by a coincident process 
smoothing the surfaces. 2. (Appert or Schmertz process) 
by rolling a thin sheet of glass and laying the wire-mesh 
upon it and simultaneously pouring and rolling a second 
sheet of glass on top, imbedding the wire. 3. (Continuous 
or Solid process) by mechanically crimping the wire netting 
and placing same on the casting table and pouring and rolling 
the glass over it to produce a sheet of wire glass. 

The introduction of the manufacture of wire-glass is of 
so recent a date as to make the volume of consumption all 
the more surprising, especially when it is recalled that the 
product was comparatively unknown twenty years ago. 


STANDARD Wire shes is made in ues as large 

60” wide and 130” long and in 
THICKNESS 4" several thicknesses—lYy4”_ standard 
thickness for general use and approved by the National Board 
of Fire Underwriters. 


Thinner wire glass is obtainable— 
OTHER 3/16” and 14%” being made for special 
THICKNESSES purposes, but the universal demand is 
for 4” or 3%” or heavier, and no wire glass less than 14” thick 
is accepted under the rules of the Fire Prevention Bureaus or 
the National Board of Fire Underwriters. 


It is necessary to follow certain 


UNDERWRITERS’ rules and regulations in the making 
REQUIREMENTS of fire-proof windows and construc- 


tion, as provided by the National Fire Protection Associa- 
tion, and a copy of the requirements of the National Board 
of Fire Underwriters may be obtained from any member of 
The National Glass Distributers Association. 


Twenty-four 


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WIRE GLASS (Continued) 


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Extract from Rules and Requirements of the 
National Board of Fire Underwriters, 
Edition of 1906. 


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THICKNESS OF GLASS: Wire glass to havea thick- 
ness of at least 14 of an inch at the thinest point. 


SIZE OF GLASS: The unsupported surface of the 
glass allowed, shall be governed by the severity of exposure 
and be determined in each case by the Underwriters having 
jurisdiction, but in no case shall it be more than 48 inches 
in either dimension or exceed 720 square inches. 


Windows, doors and partitions should be specified for 
such sizes as 15’’x48”, 18”x40”, 20”x36” and 24”x30” to con- 
form to the above rule where dimensions are not to exceed 
720 square inches. There are also restrictions and regulations 
governing the depth of rabbet (34” deep) bearing of glass 
(54") and style of metal frames and sash to meet the demands 
of fire-retardent construction and permit reglazing, etc. 

F Myre ee is peace NS rolled POLISHED 
rough” or “ribbed” or “figured” patterns, 

and when ground and polished for clearer WIRE GLASS 
transparent vision, is specified under the term:—‘‘Polished 
Wire Glass.” 

This is not the quality of clear polished plate, but a 
polished rough wire glass, with the ordinary run of defects 
inherent with rough glass which has polished surfaces. 


Width 
POLISHED WIRE GLASS 





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WIRE GLASS (Continued) 








Width Width 
ROUGH WIRE GLASS 





MAZE WIRE GLASS COLONIAL WIRE GLASS 


The twist of the wire runs with the length of the sheet, and 
should be set vertically. In ordering always specify width first. 


Stock Sheets, packed in cases containing 350 to 500 square 
feet in any regular even inch width. 


See page 45 for table of maximum widths and lengths, 
approximate weights, etc. 





Twenty-six 


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SYENITE WIRE GLASS 





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Width Width 
ROMANESQUE WIRE MURANESE WIRE 
GLASS GLASS 


The twist of the wire runs with the length of the sheet, and 
should be set vertically. In ordering always specify width first. 


Stock Sheets, packed in cases containing 350 to 500 square 
feet in any regular even inch width. 


See page 45 for table of maximum widths and lengths, 
approximate weights, etc. 


Twenty-seven 


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WIRE GLASS (Continued) 









Width SOREN 
FLORENTINE WIRE GLASS LIBERTY WIRE GLASS 





Width Width 
PENTECOR WIRE GLASS AQUEDUCT WIRE GLASS 


The twist of the wire runs with the length of the sheet, and 
should be set vertically. In ordering always specify width first. 





Stock Sheets, packed in cases containing 850 to 500 square 
feet in any regular even inch width. 


See page 45 for table of maximum widths and lengths, 
approximate weights, etc. 


Twenty-eight 


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Rolled Figured Glass 


HE prime object of figured glass is to supply an 
obscure translucent glazing material with attractive 
pattern of depth and character, and at the same time 
it must be essentially prismatic so as to admit, diffuse, 
and distribute the light. 


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FLORENTINE GLASS SYENITE GLASS 


MOSS GLASS 
Sizes up to 48” wide and 182” long. Thicknesses 4%”, 3/16” 

























































































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Width Width 
COBWEB GLASS HOLLY GLASS. 
Sizes up to 54”x120” Sizes up to 48” wide and 
Thicknesses 44” and 3/16” 132” long, in thicknesses 


Sizes up to 60”x120” of 1%” and 3/16” 
Thicknesses 1%” and 3%” 


Stock Sheets, packed in cases containing 350 to 500 square 
feet in any regular even inch width. 
























































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ROLLED FIGURED GLASS (Continued) 





Width Width 
MAZE GLASS COLONIAL GLASS 
Sizes up to 48” wide and Sizes up to 44” wide, 132” 
132” long. Thicknesses long. Thicknesses 1%” 
14” and 3/16” and 3/16” 





Width Width 


ROMANESQUE GLASS FIGURE No. 2 GLASS 
Sizes up to 48” wide and Sizes up to 42” wide and 
132” long for %” thick 110” long. Thicknesses 


and 60” wide and 132” 
long for 3/16” thick. 
Stock Sheets, packed in cases containing 350 to 500 square 
feet in any regular even inch width. 


1g” and 3/16” 


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Width 
MURANESE GLASS 


Sizes up to 42” wide and 
Thicknesses 


10 alone. 
1g” and 3/16” 





Width 


ONDOYANT GLASS 


Sizes up to 30” wide and 
100” long. Thickness 1%” 








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Width 
PYRAMID GLASS 


Sizes up to 48” wide, 132” 
long. Thickness 44” 





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Width 
RIPPLED GLASS 
Sizes 30” wide, 90” long. 
Thickness correct for 
leading. Mention width 
first in ordering. 


Stock Sheets, packed in cases containing 350 to 500 square 
feet in any regular even inch width. 





Thirty-one 


Im | (Ce nacenal Class Diseibutery, Cssocsagion | m" 





SOREN POC 








Width 
LIBERTY GLASS 


Sizes up to 44” wide and 
132” long, in thicknesses 
1%” and 3/16” 





Width 
AQUEDUCT GLASS 
Sizes up to 54”x120” 
Thicknesses 4g” and 3/16” 
Sizes up to 627x120” 
Thicknesses 14” and 3%” 


Stock Sheets, packed in cases containing 350 to 500 square 
feet in any regular even inch width. 


PENTECOR GLASS 


Thicknesses 14” and 3/16” 
Sizes 18” to 48” wide and 


up to 132” long. 


SKYLIGHT GLASS 


Skylight Glass, adapted 
to conduct or lead away 
moisture throughout its 
entire length, even when 
glazed at a comparatively 
slight inclination, and so 
prevent moisture from 
dropping. 


Thirty-two 









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Width Width 
ROUGH GLASS *RIBBED GLASS 
Sizes up to 48” wide and 182” long. Thicknesses 14”, 3/16’ 
Vy", ¥e' and 4” 
* The rib runs with the length of the sheet. 
In ordering always specify width first. 









Width Width 
HAMMERED CATHEDRAL SMOOTH CATHEDRAL 
Size 30” wide, 90” long. Thickness correct for leading. 
Stock Sheets, packed in cases containing 350 
to 500 square feet. 





Thirty-three 


Im | He WGational Glass Distibucers srecea@an, ||| 8) 


A 


Ornamental Polished Plate 
Prismatic Glass 


(One side ground and polished.) 


Width 
APEX GLASS 
(Semi-Obscure) 
Made in sizes up to 50” 
wide and 100° a 


Peery Pi) i 
ae ee Pee a 
a 
pe BY BTS Pe bY x ay 
ws A a 
ps Ps Bw PS BY BY BS Pe 
Width 
PYRAMID GLASS 
(Semi-Obscure) 


Made in sizes up to 48” 
wide and 132” long. 





A polished Plate Prismatic, Figured Glass, about 1%” 


BEAUTIFUL product for partitions, 
vestibule glazing, car or boat windows or ceiling 
lights, store or bank fixtures, or for street windows, 
where white light is wanted, with ornamental design. 





door-lights, 





Width 
IDEAL GLASS 
(Semi-Obscure) 
Made in sizes up to 54” 
aaa and 130” long. 
Pe Te FE Oe BF OE OX Oe DE 
5 be Be Be BB ee 







»¥ ¥ 
itt tte delat 
a all cl sa a ck cls al al 
«Ke WOM Ww 
Peps precenbe pec eeeeie 
1 eI De pe Doe Iie De pe 
i ee eee eR 
vw a cl a aac ad bs 
De ee ee KW De IR 
I Be We De FE 
Ow ee ee ee Oe ee 
Style O-1. 


IMPERIAL” 
PRISM-PLATE GLASS 
(Semi-Obscure) 
Made up to 70”x82” 
thick. 


Thirty-four 


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ORNAMENTAL POLISHED PLATE PRISMATIC 
GLASS (Continued) 


(One side ground and polished.) 













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| 


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Width 
Style O-2. Style O-3. 
“IMPERIAL” “IMPERIAL” 
PRISM-PLATE GLASS PRISM-PLATE GLASS 
(Semi-Obscure) (Transparent) 
Made up to 70”x82” Made up to 70”x82” 


WANG EO yoy ea A “1g 





xx 








DELO 
Bad 


ODdx 


Style O-4. Style O-5. 
“IMPERIAL” “IMPERIAL” 
PRISM-PLATE GLASS PRISM-PLATE GLASS 
(Semi-Obscure) (Semi-Obscure) 
Made up to 70”x82” Made up to 70”x82” 


A polished Plate Prismatic, Figured Glass, about 1%” thick. 





Thirty-five 


i 


| 
im | Ce National Glass Distributters Gssociation” |" 


Prism Glass 


Y the use of prism glass in windows, transoms, sky- 
lights, etc., it is possible to increase the amount of 
daylight in the building and avoid the necessity for 
artificial lighting to a remarkable extent. 

The efficiency of the prism as a light conveyor is well 
established, and a proper installation of prism glass has often 
been the source of great satisfaction and economy, bringing 
the natural light of day into dim quarters where gas or elec- 
tric lighting would otherwise be necessary. 

It must not be expected that prism glass will PRODUCE 
light, and the ordinary laws of nature will prevail with prism 
glass or any other, but the refractory qualifications of the 
prism ribs can be used to diffuse light and by their peculiar 
powers will illuminate the remote sections of a room which 












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SHEET PRISM 
GLASS 


Sizes up to 60” high, 
138” long. Thicknesses 
up to 42” high, 1%” 
Thicknesses 42” to 60” 
high, 5/16”. Mention 
height in ordering. 
Prism ribs run_hori- 
zontally with the length 
of the sheet. 











Height 









“IMPERIAL” PRISM-PLATE GLASS 


(One 
Side Ground 
and Polished.) 
Made up to 82”x 
72”. Prism Plate 
Glass is a beauti- 
ful product, cuts 
with a diamond 
like plate glass, 
and has. the 
same strength 
and durability. 





THHUHAAHAAAAUHAUAAAUOLLAOULLLLLLLULLLL 


increased light 
as well as pro- |) sxe. 
tection is de- 
sired. 


For use where S = 


Ill 


Sizes up to 42” 
high, 138” long. 
Thickness 3%”. 
Mention height 
in ordering. 


Approved by 
Underwriters. 


PRISM TILES 


Pressed Prism Tiles are made, either in 
4/’x4"” or 5/’*x5” squares. The fancy border 
tiles give a distinctly artistic appearance 
as shown in the sectional drawing. ‘Tile 
prism work is set in hard-metal glazing, 
either zinc finish or copper-plated, with or- 
namental border tiles if desired, all lights 
sufficiently re-enforced with steel bars to 
make them solid and rigid. Pivot ventila- 
tors are mounted in steel standards, and 
may be equipped with screens. 

































































































































































































































































































































































PATH OF OIFTUSED SG ae 
LIGHT IN Reom P 
PATH OF DIFFUSED 

LIGHT In Room. 


Thirty-seven 








PRISM GLASS (Continued) 


PRISM WIRE GLASS 


—————— = ee 





Geometric designs 
made of sheet prism 
glass set in plain 
metal or copper- 
plated, may be ob- 
tained, and used 
with very artistic 
and satisfactory re- 
sults, also prism 
glass set in solid 
copper bars, if de- 
sired. 


Illustrating 
Refracting 
Properties 

of Two 
Prism Angles 


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| Ce National Class: Diseributers Qssoctation | |= 


=] 





PRISM GLASS (Continued) 


Sidewalk Slabs with glass in reinforced 

SIDEWALK concrete panels have become popular for 

GLASS cece oe of dark basements, vaults and 

The glass of square, or circle shape, is imbeded in con- 

crete reinforced with steel bars to secure substantial con- 
struction and the panel made to any desired dimension. 


Il 





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GLASS LENSES 


Various forms of 
glass lenses are used 
for different condi- 
tions, either flat 
pressed units, or 
drop-lenses of a 
single prism or mul- 
tiple prism lenses 
according to the effect desired. 

The slab is made up complete, glazed and finished in 
any desired size to fit opening, and where more than one 
slab is required, the necessary T bars are cut to proper length 
and shipped with the slabs. 























DESCRIPTION 
OF CONDITIONS 


Sizes of openings must 
be accurately given either 





a = a5 by detailed drawing or 
[a ee Be ‘blue-print and the condi- 
a " tions of the space to be 


daylighted should’ be 
described fully in order to 
secure the proper prism- 
lenses for the best results. 

The slabs can be installed by any 
INSTALLATION ordinary workman, following direc- 
tions which accompany shipment, as sizes are exact and the 
slabs of perfect fit, ready for caulking of joints. 


SKYLIGHT, FLOORLIGHT 


ct OB, 











Ready-to-set slabs for 
Roof Lights and Sky 
Lights—70 per cent glass 
area—glass 614’ square 
by 1!4” thick, set in re-in- 
forced concrete. 


Thirty-eight 


Che National Class: Distrabsutery Gssoctation | = 


WNL UUVNNNNUNNNNNNNNENN 


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i 





Milk-White, Opalite, Vitrolite, 
Carrara Glass 


MILK-WHITE GLASS, homogeneous and opaque, 
with brilliant natural polish, annealed surface, non- 
porous, and non-staining, impervious to acid or alkali, 
sanitary, and therefore used extensively for bath- 
rooms, counters and table tops. 

Natural Finish, Hone Finish or Polished. 


HUVMMmmLULLLLUULUVULULULLLELLELLLLLLU LLU 


SIZES AND 
THICKNESSES 


Manufactured in 
sheets as large as 
60” wide and as long 
as 110” of various 
thicknessess: 3/16”, 
S/16%5 © WIG.) 22", 
97167 oe yeaa 
114", 174°. 

Can be treated, 
ground, beveled, 
chamfered, drilled 
and cut as readily as marble and possesses qualities far 
superior. 

The non-absorbing, sanitary quality of the 
material, its cleanliness, durability and beauty USES 
make it particularly adaptable for structural purposes, such 
as wainscotings, wall-covering, store front bulkheads, bath- 
rooms and showers, lavatories, hospitals, surgical operating 
rooms, barber shops, etc. Also for counter tops and tables, 
window-display plates, shelves, refrigerators, sinks and 
drains, medicine cabinets, kick-plates, etc. 


BLACK GLASS 
A product of pure black, uniform BLACK GLASS 


color, made in sizes and thicknesses 
corresponding to the white glass described above. Polished 
or hone finished. Its uses and qualities are the same as the 
white glass. 

Also used extensively, in the honed or velvet finish for 
black-boards in schools, or in combination with the white 
in structural work—and for deal-plates, table tops, etc. 


WHITE OPAL 


A milky-white glass, with one surface castin ROTTED 
natural smooth finish, other surface ribbed. OPAL 
Made in 1%”, 3/16”, 1%” and 5/16” thicknesses. 





Thirty-nine 


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Chipping and Grinding 
Enameling, Embossing, Etching 


HE ornamental design of chipped glass, with its 
brilliant pattern has made it popular where obscure 
or semi-transparent glazing is desired and its use in 

=—— high-class fixtures, windows or partitions, (especially 

chipped polished plate) has established its position as a 
favorite for banks, government buildings, post offices, etc. 





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IVVAVATUUUQUUUUUUUULUUUEELLLUELLLLLLLL 


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GRINDING On, The fuss Sch echaa 
SANDE IEA SEEN Giese au ae eraoeee 


blast of fine sand (under air pressure) 
which attacks the polish on the exposed side, leaving a milky 
or frosted surface. 


CHIPPING The ground or sandblasted 

surface of the glass is coated 
with glue, which is subjected to a gradual 
heating process. The drying glue peels or 
shrinks off in flakes, tearing off slivers of 
the glass in various forms, each flake leav- 
ing its pattern or imprint mould in the clear 
glass. The crinkling of the glue is accord- 
ing to nature and no two flakes are alike, 
yet the general appearance of the sheet is 
uniform after the shells of glue are off the 
glass. 


SINGLE PROCESS The single coat of 


glue pees off, leav- 
ing lines of the original ground or sand- 
blasted surface. Such chipping is known 





Single ‘A 
Process Chipped as single process work, and the product as 
“Single Process Chipped Glass.” 


DOUBLE PROCESS When the sheet is 

recoated with glue 
and a second chipping performed, the sand- 
blast lines have disappeared entirely and 
such is double process work which produces 
“Double Process Chipped Glass.” 


Double strength win- 


mente Pathe dow glass and plate 
glass as well as rolled 


rough glass in any size may be ground and 
chipped (either single process or double pro- 


cess) but it is well to remember that the Octagon 
Enamel 








Forty 





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CHIPPING AND GRINDING, ENAMELING, 
EMBOSSING, ETCHING (Continued) 


blasting and heating has a tendency to make the material 
brittle which might cause breakage in extremely large sizes. 


When a margin of clear glass, 
clear design or lettering, is desired 


CLEAR MARGIN, 


in either ground or chipped glass LETTERING, ETC. 


the “pattern” is protected from the sandblast or the coating 
of glue and the balance of the surface treated, as above 


described. 


ENAMELED GLASS 


A set pattern ground over the whole surface of the glass, 
usually in some geometric figure and commonly upon win- 


dow glass. 


When the pattern is CLEAR AND 
blasted leaving the back- 
OBSCURE 


ground clear the glass is 
ENAMELED 


called “clear” enamel, 
while the same process upon ground glass 
produces “obscure” enamel. 


On ae sree sere SANDBLAST 
Bette: Y PATTERNS 


patterns of  sandblast 
glass made by the same process, which are 
commonly used for doors and transoms, 
deck-lights, etc. Picture designs in stencils 
to suit any taste, imitation lace designs and 
combination chipped and sandblasted pat- 
terns may be made up according to fancy. 


Geometric designs of 
chipped glass, enameled or agebetanee 
sandblasted 


cupboards, etc. 


Double Process 
Chipped 


glass are used extensively in kitchen cabinets, 


EMBOSSING, ETCHING 








Strawberry 
Enamel 


Where soft white light is EMBOSSED 
desired, without conspicuous 
decorative pattern in the GLASS 
glass, embossed plate is both effective and 
rich in appearance. Translucent, yet not 
transparent, with its delicate satin finish it 
is extensively used for store and bank fix- 
tures, street windows, partitions, doors and 
vestibules. 


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Forty-one 








i Ae Nacional Glass Distributes Qyoctation | # 


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CHIPPING AND GRINDING, ENAMELING, 
EMBOSSING, ETCHING (Continued) 


It is produced by treating the surface of 
ACID WORK the glass with hydrofluoric acid, which 
eats into the annealing and gives the glass a subdued and 
delicate caste, rendering it semi-obscure or completely 
obscure, according to the effect desired. 

Embossed lines, letters or designs are sunken into the 
glass, hence the “embossed” effect. 


ETCHED By the use of hydrofluoric acid, suspended in 
certain chemicals which modify its strength, 
GLASS the surface of a plate of glass may be etched 
in snow white effect which makes the glass obscure. Since 
the acid does not eat into the glass in this process, there is 
no perceptible depression upon the surface and the appear- 
ance is similar to sandblast or ground glass of fine texture. 
Stencil designs of intricate detail may be worked upon the 
surface, by etching through a reverse pattern which is 
protected from the acid by a resisting composition. 


Forty-two 


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Dm | CA eat 


. 









Colored Glass 


ANY colors and tints of Opal glass, Cathedral glass and 
Opalescents are used for leaded glass, stained 
windows, lamp shades and sometimes for sash glaz- 
ing where the purposes are served by such effects as 
produce, and almost any desired shade or combina- 
tion of color in variegated tints can be obtained. 


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Cathedral glass is made in the ordinary 
hammered pattern (see page 34) or smooth CATHEDRAL 
surfaced, and cast in sheets of approxi- GLASS 
mately 14%” thickness which measure about 30”x90”, and 
packed in stock sheets, approximately 300 to 350 square feet 
to the crate. 


Opalescent is made in smooth surface 
or granite surface and cast in sheets about OPALESCENT 
26” wide by 40” to 50” long, and packed GLASS 
in cases of approximately 125 square feet, net weight of 
glass 200 pounds. 


Such patterns as Rippled, Moss, 
Florentine, etc., (see pages 30 and 32) FI Sree 
may be obtained in all the standard GURED GLASS 


colors and shades. 


Double strength and single strength 
Ruby, Green, Blue, Orange, Violet and POT COLORS 
White in solid pot-colors are packed 100 square feet to the 
case, measuring as large as 37”x59”. This glass is used exten- 
sively for railroad switch-lights and signals, dials, lanterns, etc. 


Double strength and single strength flashed FLASHED 
colored glass is made by an ingenious method 
of blowing a thin film of colored glass on the COLORS 
surface of clear glass, and is used extensively for embossing | 
to procure contrast lettering in signs, etc. Made in the 
same colors and sizes and packed the same as pot colors. 


Forty-three 


IM | Che Wadiontal Gites Diseebucers Clayocnagin |||) 





MAXIMUM SIZES, THICKNESSES AND 
APPROXIMATE NET AND GROSS 
WEIGHTS 


PLAIN FIGURED GLASS 























Maximum : Approximate Approximate 
STYLE Thickness | Width pee Net Weight | Shipping 
Weight per 
per Sq. Ft. 
Sq. Ft. Pounds 
IP TOren tine ee eet ee ee ae 1/g 48 UBF Uo A walleye. 216 lbs. 
SEPSIS aoe Re Noe eat enor a 3/16 48 132 alee oalbss 314 lbs. 
Siveniteweirar eee en] ene 1/3 48 132 Dee libse 21% lbs. 
Pee meer hee eR EY 3/16 48 132 21% lbs. 314 lbs. 
IMLOSS ets pentane cn sa emer 1/3 48 | 1382 Alleys. 21% lbs. 
FT eletn, Bene PN I PRP 3/16 48 132 21 lbs. 314 lbs. 
Set cute en eeoe ana ae ee 3/30 40 126 134 lbs. 214 lbs. 
Maze att Set ae ae net 1/g 48 132 2 Ibs. 214 lbs. 
PS Res OO es Pe ar reatien IE, Lies 3/16 48 ey 216 lbs. 314 lbs. 
Filly oat ees, eee es ee 1/s 48 132 2° lbs. | 21 lbs. 
SG) Gig A ene eer onl et ok See 3/16 48 132 214 lbs. 314 lbs. 
IMiystiCatcstcen ace toe ts enc i/s ee ay ne 28 pe 
ones ast aucyete te, eoate tap stearate / 16 | 4a 72 Ss. YA, s. 
Mursnese, tee) oa ee el ent 42 | 110 | 2 Ibs. | 24% Ibs. 
Ondoyant.. JP re ES eae 1/g 30 110 134 lbs. 214 lbs. 
Figs IN O.:2 se aces, cence ea etree 1/g Al, || LA KO) Zee loss 21% lbs. 
iss INO ao ektene pan ee 3/16 42 110 21 lbs. 314 lbs. 
Romanesque. . Sere a tain HS 1/s 48 132 2 ve 24% ie 
erty 3/16 COP ee sz 214 lbs. 314 lbs. 
Hammered Cathedral. ra Bs 3 | 90 1% lbs. 2) aukbse 
Double Rolled ‘“‘ Rechte bea ss ot 3/39 BO | oo 11% lbs. Jelbs: 
Opalescent ee Preis a 3/39 30) 90 1/4 lbs. Zl bs: 
Opal 2 Ore cetaceans 1/3 a), = AO 1% lbs. 2) lbs: 
Rip pled eseshetneee ee eee 1/g SH) | BD) 11% lbs. 2 Ibs. 
Rippled Oa Bee RS 3/39 S|, 8) 114 lbs. 134 lbs. 
Colonial. . Rc Mea ene 1/g 44 160 Zeellbse 214 lbs. 
ia pen te eects sis 3/16 44 160 216 lbs. 314 lbs. 
Pyramid. eee Le os ty 1/4 ANY || sp? 334 lbs. 416 lbs. 
(CAMATOM cs .gusueeo0u54e00% 1/g Ney || IBY ieee ose 21% lbs. 
SOE PRG ee tr PEEL OR ge 3/16 48 132 216 lbs. 314 lbs. 
Tiber Gymecese:nyte teers eer eee 1/3 48 126 Zelbss 214 |bs. 
5 ane, Sen a 3/16 48 126 21 |bs. 314 lbs. 
Gob web sarees ene 1/g 54 120 Zoalbss 21% lbs. 
Wee eoug obey corn asec 3/16 54 | 126 2% lbs. 314 lbs. 
syne ee ee Eee eae eee o a | ue oe He i 1D 
Aone othe ise a be tyotd ote 8 | s. s. 
Po DCG LNT GOB con etsy baci inem nies Gates 3/16 54 120 314 lbs. 4 Ibs. 
TEE Cc MeN ne 1/4 60 120 41% lbs. 514 lbs. 
Mad ce ie Oink Meee ea 3/3 60 120 534 lbs. 634 lbs 
PRISM GLASS 

: Height Length 
iPrisme( Sheet) Whines se eer 1/4 42 120 314 lbs. 414 lbs. 
Prism (Sheet) Regular........ | 5/16 60 138 4 \bs. 434 lbs. 
Glazedberisin lilest i 5/16 514 lbs. 614 lbs. 
Prism Wired Glass........... 3/3 42 138 De lbs: Gaeelbse 
iPentecornaticetae ee eee 1/3 48 132 21% lbs. 3 tbs. 
blage (ob 4 APMP LP eee Ae Penk ty vt 3/16 48 132 Si lbss Zils “hey 
“Tmperial”’ Prism-Plate Glass. 3/3 72 82 41% lbs. 514 lbs. 

ROUGH, RIBBED OR CORRUGATED 

DEON D Esa ola We. ne citin aber at ees 1/s 48 132 nal bss 216 lbs. 
el OE RNS Siren agl i, Be OW, eee et 3/16 48 132 21% lbs. 314 lbs. 
‘ Lgeereect a Paty duane Spa ene ia oe ie 34 eS Fe Te 
tos Btn ont oie llevalle 140 S40, ML nde \oe an” 
Rib Dede meena at ketene eee 1/3 48 WEY ye iilhoey, 216 lbs. 
= Ba hh perc eve eT ce eed A 3/16 | 48 132 2% lbs. 314 lbs. 
SUVs crore See Re ric VA | ea 136 334 lbs. 414 lbs. 
C0 nS Sa eee RE  A a te iM Se 3 3/g | 62 132 514 lbs. 6 Ibs. 
ae cee Ep to, as ee ee 1/9 48 130 71% lbs. 8 lbs. 

















eee ee 
Forty-four 


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Ue cc 


MAXIMUM SIZES, THICKNESSES AND 
APPROXIMATE NET AND GROSS 
WEIGHTS (Continued) 


WIRED GLASS 





THAALUUUUUUUULUTTTHAAALGUUULLLLLLLL 





Maximum | Maximum | 


‘Thickness Length 


Approximate Approximate 


| Net Weight ics pel 
| aaa Sp. Ft. Pounds 


Polished Wired Glass..... 334 lbs. 


Maze 
“ee 





Romanesque 
Syenite 
Muranese 
Cobweb 


NEXE NEN NESE 
DNVPRDARADAD 


Ye 
dN 


Holly 


PN CON CON 
MANA 


Prism 
Pentecor 
Pyramid 
Aqueduct 
Boneh 


No 
AS 


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HAH oN Rae es 
SAA 


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Rough Wire Floor Glass....... 
Ribbed ‘“‘ ee es 
Ground “ rs 

















oN 


“Tmperial” Prism-Plate. . about 
ie Style 01 ce 
Style 
Style 
Style 
Style 


WHWWWWH eR Re 


ISAS 








Polished Plate Glass 
and 
Polished Plate Mirrors 


See page 4 
See page 4 

















Forty-five 


A cee Oem Cae || 


NYT NUNVIINVTNNINNNHENH 


HNO ULLLUTTTTHAHUOLUUUU ULLAL 


The Builders 


All are architects of Fate, 
Working in these walls of Time; 
Some with massive deeds and great, 
Some with ornaments of rhyme. 


Nothing useless is, or low; 
Each thing in its place is best; 
And what seems but idle show 
Strengthens and supports the rest. 


For the structure that we raise, 
Time is with materials filled; 
Our todays and yesterdays 


Are the blocks with which we build. 


Truly shape and fashion these; 
Leave no yawning gaps between; 

Think not, because no man sees, 
Such things will remain unseen. 


* * * * * * * * * * * * * 


Build today, then, strong and sure, 
With a firm and ample base; 
And ascending and secure 
Shall tomorrow find its place. 


Thus alone can we attain 
To those turrets, where the eye 
Sees the world as one vast plain, 
And one boundless reach of sky. 


—Longfellow. 















Forty-six 


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